4/8/2024 0 Comments What does scid break down![]() PTSD may also contribute to negative physical health states/symptoms such as a marked increase of musculoskeletal pain and cardio-respiratory complications. These symptoms of PTSD are accompanied by negative alterations in cognition and mood as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5/International Classification of Diseases-10. PTSD is a psychological condition that arises from exposure to trauma which results in symptoms including vivid flashbacks, frightening thoughts, avoidance of certain associated places or events, and a constant state of hyperarousal. One confounding factor tied to the illness is the presence of comorbidities, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), that may influence GWI pathophysiology. As a result, accepted biomarkers and mechanisms for treatment are difficult to identify, therefore, afflicted veterans are commonly diagnosed based on psychological or psychiatric evaluations. The disruption of multiple systemic functions results in a complex clinical presentation of the illness. One of the most common symptoms of GWI, impaired cognitive function, has been linked to chronic inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as elevated oxidative stress. To date, the underlying mechanisms of GWI disease activity have yet to be fully elucidated, and diagnosis and treatment are based on symptomatic presentation. ![]() This convergence of symptoms later became referred to as Gulf War Illness (GWI). Nearly one-third of veterans returning from Operation Desert Storm/Shield during the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War conflict reported a myriad of symptoms shortly after returning home including cognitive dysfunction, skin rashes, musculoskeletal discomfort, and fatigue. We conclude that disentangling GWI and PTSD by defining trauma-based subgroups may aid in the identification of unique GWI biosignatures that can help to improve diagnosis and target treatment of GWI more effectively. Additional differences in natural killer (NK) cell numbers and function highlight IL-15 as a potential biomarker of GWI in the absence of PTSD symptoms. While the unique identification of GWI with PTSD symptoms was less clear, the GWI L subgroup was found to be delineated from both GWI H and HC on measures of IL-15 across an exercise challenge (ANOVA F > 3.75, P < 0.03). Significant differences were found in basophil levels of GWI compared with HC at peak exercise regardless of PTSD symptom comorbidity (ANOVA F = 4.7, P = 0.01,) indicating its potential usage as a biomarker for general GWI from control. GWI with comorbid PTSD symptoms resulted in poorer health outcomes compared with both Healthy control (HC) and the GWI L subgroup. We mapped correlations between immune cells and cytokine signaling measures, hormones and GWI symptom measures to identify patterns in regulation between the GWI H, GWI L, and healthy control groups. Data was analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical analysis along with correlation graph analysis. Subgrouping was conducted using Davidson Trauma Scale scores and the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM)-5, into GWI with high probability of PTSD symptoms (GWI H) and GWI with low probability of PTSD symptoms (GWI L). Symptom measures were gathered through the Multidimensional fatigue inventory (MFI) and 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) scales and biological measures were obtained through cytokine & cytometry analysis. As such, this research endeavor aimed to provide insight into the complex relationship between GWI symptoms, cytokine presence, and immune cell populations to pinpoint the impact of PTSD on these measures in GWI. ![]() Previous research efforts have demonstrated that both GWI and PTSD are associated with immunological dysfunction. One confounding factor tied to the illness is the high presence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). As the underlying mechanisms of GWI have yet to be fully elucidated, diagnosis and treatment are based on symptomatic presentation. This symptom cluster is now referred to as Gulf War Illness (GWI). One-third of veterans returning from the 1990–1991 Gulf War reported a myriad of symptoms including cognitive dysfunction, skin rashes, musculoskeletal discomfort, and fatigue.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |